Yoga guide
Spondylolisthesis means a vertebra in your lower back has slipped forward on the one below. Spondylolysis is a stress fracture in the thin bridge of bone at the back of a vertebra, which can lead to a slip. Both are common, often cause no pain at all, and rarely get much worse. Yoga can be a good way to stay strong and moving with a slip, but it hasn't been tested: we found no trial of yoga in spondylolisthesis, so this guide borrows from the exercise trials in spondylolisthesis and from yoga for back pain in general, and says when it does.
The changes that matter are simple: build trunk strength with your spine still, rest in poses that bend forward, and leave the deep backbends out or bring them back slowly. Yoga sits beside care from your GP or physiotherapist, never in place of it, and a teenager with a fresh stress fracture follows their clinician's plan first.
This guide covers what the slip is, the poses to start with and to change, young athletes and dancers, what the evidence shows, a free 25-minute class with a 3D demo of every move, and the warning signs that need 999.
Our searches found no trial of yoga in people with spondylolisthesis or spondylolysis. Yoga can supply the strength, balance and movement that exercise programmes for a slip use, but it hasn't been shown to be better or worse than other exercise.
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On scans of community adults aged 40 to 80, about 1 in 9 had a stress fracture and about 1 in 7 a slip from wear, and neither was linked with back pain. Reviews of many studies agree: a slip on a scan is often not the cause of the pain, and not a reason to stop moving.
In small trials, trunk exercise eased pain and disability in adults with a slip, and in older adults bending-forward exercises did as well as stabilisation exercises. Pooled, the trials are too few and small to be sure how much exercise helps, and a spine society found no studies good enough to rate physiotherapy for a slip from wear.
The NHS describes pain that is often eased by sitting or bending forward. Rest in poses that bend forward if they ease you, keep your spine still while your trunk works, and if arching brings on pain or tingling in your legs, leave it out.
Stress fractures of the spine are commonest in sports that arch and twist the lower back again and again, and a US clinic's series of people hurt by yoga blamed poses at the extremes of bending and arching. So we suggest leaving out wheel, camel, bow, dancer, full cobra and upward-facing dog (our reading: no study has tested these poses in a slip).
In a 2026 trial in 64 young athletes, starting physiotherapy within a week, out of their sport, beat resting first, and arching came back only once bending forwards and backwards was pain-free. A general yoga class isn't the treatment.
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Spondylolysis is a crack, usually a stress fracture, in the pars interarticularis, a thin bridge of bone at the back of a vertebra, most often the lowest one (L5). Spondylolisthesis is a vertebra that has slipped forward on the one below. The two main kinds are isthmic, from a pars crack, and degenerative, from wear in the small joints and disc. The NHS: it "is not the same as a slipped disc".
Young athletes and dancers: a stress fracture from repeated arching and twisting. In one US sports clinic it explained the back pain of 47 of 100 teenage athletes, against 5 of 100 adults, and 30% of 1,025 teenage athletes with back pain had one. Rates are highest in diving, cricket fast bowling, baseball, rugby, weightlifting and gymnastics.
Adults with an isthmic slip: the crack usually dates from childhood. In 500 children followed from the age of 6, cracks rose from 4.4% to 6% by adulthood, and slips rarely progressed after the teenage years.
Older adults with a degenerative slip: mostly at L4 to L5 and more often in women, rising with age. On CT scans, 7.7% of men and 21.3% of women aged 40 to 80 had one; it often comes with spinal stenosis, a narrowing of the spaces the nerves run through.
Scans of people without back pain show a slip in 14% at 50 and 23% at 60. In adults 50 or younger, a slip was no more common with back pain than without, and a review of 15 population studies found no strong or consistent link between a crack or isthmic slip and back pain. In older Japanese adults, a slip went with the leg symptoms of stenosis rather than with back pain.
Followed for 45 years, slips slowed with each decade and none passed 40% of the vertebra's width. In 145 older adults with a degenerative slip managed without surgery for 10 years or more, the slip got worse in 34%, with no link to their symptoms, and 76% of those without nerve problems at the start never developed them.
In young people treated without surgery, 84% did well after at least a year, whether or not the crack healed.
Lower back pain, often worse when standing or walking and eased by sitting or bending forward; pain spreading to the bottom or thighs; tight hamstrings; and pain, numbness or tingling down one leg (sciatica). Treatment includes avoiding the activities that make your symptoms worse, painkillers, and physiotherapy "to strengthen and stretch the muscles in your lower back, tummy and legs".
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No trial has tested yoga in spondylolisthesis, so this section draws on the exercise trials in people with a slip and on yoga for back pain in general, and says where it does.
Our searches of PubMed and Europe PMC found 2 records on yoga and spondylolisthesis, neither a trial, and none on yoga and spondylolysis. The Cochrane review of yoga for back pain covers back pain without a specific cause, so its results can't be assumed for a slip.
In 44 adults with long-lasting back pain and a crack or slip, 10 weeks of training the deep tummy and back muscles together, then using them in the positions that hurt, reduced pain and disability, and the gains held at 30 months; the comparison group, treated as their own practitioners chose, didn't change. The report doesn't give the size of the effect, and it was one small trial.
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In 92 adults over 50 with a degenerative slip, 6 months of bending-forward exercises did as well as stabilisation exercises for back pain, leg pain and disability. There was no group without exercise. In 26 people with a small slip, stabilisation and general exercise both helped, about equally, and the slip itself didn't change.
Across 5 small trials (198 people), stabilisation exercise showed a trend towards less disability but no clear effect on pain, and the trials disagreed with each other. The honest summary: exercise is the sensible first step, but no type has been shown to be best.
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In 48 people with spondylolisthesis, those taught bending-forward exercises had far less moderate or severe pain than those taught arching exercises: 27% against 67% at 3 months, and 19% against 67% at 3 years. The study looked back at past records rather than randomising, so it supports favouring the comfortable direction, not a rule.
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The North American Spine Society found no studies good enough to recommend for or against physiotherapy or exercise for a degenerative slip, and says that when leg symptoms of stenosis dominate, care should follow care for spinal stenosis. NICE (the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) has no advice specific to a slip; for back pain it suggests considering a group exercise programme (biomechanical, aerobic, mind-body or a combination), without naming yoga. The NHS lists physiotherapy to strengthen and stretch the lower back, tummy and legs.
Across 21 trials (2,223 people), yoga improved back function and pain slightly at 3 months compared with no exercise, by less than the amounts usually counted as important, and did about as well as other back exercise. Reviews to 2026 find no mind-body exercise, yoga included, clearly better than another. These trials weren't in people selected for a slip.
Among 89 people whose injuries a US clinic judged to be caused by yoga, 15 had spondylolisthesis on their scans, and the poses most often blamed bent or arched the spine to its extremes. We could read only the summary, which doesn't say yoga caused the slips or name the poses. In back pain trials, yoga caused more brief flares of back pain than no exercise, and about as many as other exercise.
Surgery is recommended for stenosis symptoms with a degenerative slip that haven't settled with non-surgical care. In a Norwegian trial of 267 people, taking pressure off the nerves without a fusion did as well as adding one, at 2 and at 5 years. Most people with a slip never need surgery; our spondylolisthesis guide covers the trials.
Some discomfort during exercise is fine, and it does not mean you are doing damage: the WHO counts "hurt does not necessarily mean harm" among the messages people with back pain need. Aim for pain you would call mild to moderate, no more than about 5 out of 10. It should settle within an hour or so, and your back should be no worse the next morning. If it is worse, do less next time (fewer reps, a smaller range, a lighter load), not nothing.
Leg symptoms are the exception: stop or shrink any movement that sends pain, pins and needles or numbness further down your leg. If leg symptoms move back towards your spine, that is a good sign, even if your back aches a little more for a while.
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Adults with an established slip: some discomfort is fine and doesn't mean damage, as the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy explains. Aim for no more than about 5 out of 10, settling within an hour or so and no worse the next morning. If it is worse, do less next time, not nothing. Stop or shrink any move that sends pain, pins and needles or numbness further down a leg. The 5 out of 10 figure is editorial, matching this site's other back guides.
Young athletes with an active stress fracture: exercises and daily activities shouldn't bring on the back pain. Move to the next stage only when you can bend forwards and backwards 10 times standing without pain, and later run, jump and train without pain. Ordinary muscle effort and stretch are fine; back pain is not. If an exercise brings the pain back, tell your physiotherapist and step back for a few days. In the trial, athletes were told that pushing through pain could slow their return to sport, and a specialist programme stops or changes any activity that makes the pain worse during or after it.
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If bending forward eases your back, rest in knees to chest and child's pose. If it doesn't matter either way, use both. Keep backbends out while arching brings on pain, tingling or numbness in your legs, and bring them back slowly once it doesn't (our suggestion, from the trials above).
If leg symptoms build as you walk and ease when you sit or bend forward, walk in intervals: walk until they build, sit or lean forward until they ease, then go again, as in the spinal stenosis guide.
Tell the teacher you have a slip, which way your back likes to move, and that you'll skip the deep backbends (our suggestion).
You can say no to any hands-on adjustment, and a teacher registered with Yoga Alliance must get your explicit consent each time.
Use whichever resting positions ease your back. Corpse pose and slow breathing: 2 minutes each, knees bent, in for about 4 and out for about 6 (our yoga for back pain class). Pelvic tilts: 8 slow tilts, hips staying down (that class). Knees to chest: hold 20 to 30 seconds, 2 to 4 times (adapted from the move page's dose), if bending forward eases you. Child's pose: Hold 1 to 3 minutes, breathing into the back ribs; return to it whenever you need a rest (the move page's dose). Cat-cow: 8 waves, slower than feels natural (the move page's dose), spending longer rounding up into the cat. Hip windscreen wipers: 10 slow passes, small range, feet on the floor (our yoga for back pain class).
3D demoCorpse pose (Savasana)Beginner · No equipment
3D demoSlow breathing (6 breaths a minute)Beginner · No equipment
3D demoPelvic tilt into bridgeBeginner · No equipment
3D demoDouble knee-to-chest stretchBeginner · No equipment
3D demoChild's Pose (Balasana)Beginner · No equipment
3D demoCat-cowBeginner · No equipment
3D demoHip windshield wipersBeginner · No equipmentThese follow the spine-still first stage of our spondylolisthesis guide, and its doses. Dead bug heel taps: 2 to 3 sets of 6 to 8 each side, lower back still on the floor. Bird dog one limb at a time: 2 to 3 sets of 6 to 8 each side, 3 to 5 second holds, back level; then the full bird dog: 3 sets of 8 each side. Side plank from the knees: 3 holds of 15 to 20 seconds each side; then the full side plank: 3 holds of 20 to 30 seconds. Bridge: 2 to 3 sets of 10, lifting only to a straight line from shoulders to knees, without arching.
Strap hamstring stretch: 2 to 3 holds of 20 to 30 seconds each side, to the first feeling of stretch with the pelvis still (our spondylolisthesis guide); bend the knee if it sends tingling down the leg. Half-kneeling hip flexor stretch: 2 holds of 30 seconds each side, tailbone tucked under, no arching (our yoga for spinal stenosis class). Figure four lying down: 30 seconds each side (our yoga for sciatica class). Mountain pose: 5 slow breaths (our yoga for back pain class). Chair pose: 3 holds of 15 seconds, knees bent a little (that class). Warrior II and tree pose: 3 breaths each side, short stance and fingertips on a wall (our yoga for sciatica class). Hip hinge: 3 sets of 8 to 10 (our degenerative disc disease guide).
3D demoSupine hamstring stretch with a strapBeginner · No equipment
3D demoHalf-kneeling hip flexor stretchBeginner · No equipment
3D demoReclined figure four (eye of the needle, Sucirandhrasana)Beginner · No equipment
3D demoMountain pose (Tadasana)Beginner · No equipment
3D demoChair pose (Utkatasana)Beginner · No equipment
3D demoWarrior II (Virabhadrasana II)Intermediate · No equipment
3D demoTree pose (Vrksasana)Beginner · No equipment
3D demoHip-hinge practiceBeginner · No equipmentOnly once bending forwards and backwards is comfortable and arching doesn't bring on leg symptoms; teenagers only when their clinician agrees. Sphinx: 3 holds of 20 to 30 seconds (our spondylolisthesis guide). Low cobra: 3 to 5 slow lifts of 3 breaths (our yoga for a herniated disc guide's editorial starting point). Locust: 3 holds of 3 breaths, chest and legs only just off the floor (our yoga for neck pain class).
Our reading, from the stress fracture rates in sports that arch and twist the back and one case series of yoga injuries that names no poses: leave out deep backbends (full cobra, upward-facing dog, camel, bow, wheel, dancer, fish) while your back is sore or the slip is new, keep twists small and smooth, leave out plough and shoulder stand, and bend your knees in seated folds if your leg is involved. The cobra's own page says: "Clear it with a clinician if you have spondylolisthesis or a diagnosed pars stress injury."
3D demoCobra pose (Bhujangasana)Intermediate · No equipment
3D demoUpward-facing dog (Urdhva Mukha Svanasana)Intermediate · No equipment
3D demoCamel pose (Ustrasana)Intermediate · No equipment
3D demoBow pose (Dhanurasana)Intermediate · No equipment
3D demoWheel pose (Urdhva Dhanurasana)Advanced · No equipment
3D demoDancer pose (Natarajasana)Advanced · No equipment
3D demoFish pose (Matsyasana)Intermediate · No equipment
3D demoHalf lord of the fishes (Ardha Matsyendrasana)Intermediate · No equipment
3D demoPlow pose (Halasana)Advanced · No equipment
3D demoSupported shoulderstand (Salamba Sarvangasana)Advanced · No equipment
3D demoSeated forward fold (Paschimottanasana)Intermediate · No equipmentIn young female gymnasts, 11% had a crack on X-ray, about 4 times their non-athletic peers. A review links it to sports that arch and twist the lower back again and again, with axial load. The pain typically builds with activity and hurts on arching back.
A teenager in a sport that arches or twists the back, such as gymnastics, dance, diving, volleyball, cricket fast bowling, baseball pitching, weightlifting, football or rugby, with back pain that lasts more than a couple of weeks, is worse arching back or stops them training: get it checked by a GP or sports physiotherapist. It can be a stress fracture in the spine.
In 64 athletes aged 10 to 19, starting physiotherapy within a week, rather than resting until pain-free first, gave better function at a month, a return to sport 38 days sooner and fewer relapses over a year (3% against 29%), with no harm. Both groups stopped their sport and wore no brace, and starting early didn't slow healing on MRI. It was one small trial at two US children's hospitals.
In observational studies, most young people did well without surgery, a brace made no difference, and about 9 in 10 young athletes returned to their sport, after a few months on average. Surgery to repair the crack is rarely needed.
Not as the treatment: follow the physiotherapist's plan. The spine-still moves above fit the early stage if they agree; backbends, walkovers and splits that arch the back come back only when bending forwards and backwards is pain-free, and with your clinician's say-so (our suggestion, from the 2026 trial).
If you're hypermobile, don't use mobility work to push further: the NHS says "do not overextend your joints just because you can". See a GP if you think you have joint hypermobility syndrome: for example, your joints keep dislocating, or you keep getting sprains, strains, pain or stiffness.
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Start with our 25-minute yoga for spondylolisthesis class 2 or 3 times a week, alongside walking. With leg symptoms that build on standing or walking, the spinal stenosis class bends forward throughout. The yoga for back pain class suits once you're settled; leave out its low cobra until arching is comfortable.
A 25-minute yoga class for spondylolisthesis: trunk strength with the spine still, bending-forward rests, hips, hamstrings and standing poses, with no backbends.
25 minBeginner19 movesNo equipmentA 25-minute yoga class for spinal stenosis: a seated warm-up, bending-forward poses, leg strength and balance at a counter, and a side-lying rest, with no backbends.
25 minBeginner21 movesA bench or box, A wallA gentle 20-minute yoga sequence for back pain, based on the first weeks of a 12-week trial programme: lying, all-fours and standing poses, then rest.
20 minBeginner12 movesFirm cushionThe McGill big three for the core: curl-ups, side planks and bird dogs, each held for 10 seconds at a time in falling sets of 5, 3 and 1 reps.
12 minBeginner3 movesNo equipmentA 15-minute beginner core workout on the floor: dead bugs, bird dogs, knee planks, side planks and curl-ups.
15 minBeginner6 movesNo equipmentA free 20-minute chair yoga class for older adults: slow breathing, gentle seated stretches and twists, standing poses holding the chair, and a calm finish.
20 minBeginner18 movesA bench or box, Something with weightWalk on most days. If your legs build up as you walk, walk in intervals: walk until they build, sit or lean forward until they ease, then go again.
These are the warning signs from our back pain, sciatica and spondylolisthesis guides, word for word. This is general information, not a diagnosis. A&E means accident and emergency; in the US, call 911 for 999.
Call 999 or go to A&E: loss of feeling or numbness around the genitals or bottom, new trouble peeing or controlling your bladder or bowels, changes in genital sensation during sex or problems with erections or orgasm, or pain, tingling, weakness or numbness in both legs. These are signs of cauda equina syndrome, which needs treating in hospital urgently. Don't drive yourself.
Call 999 or go to A&E: back pain with chest pain, or back pain that started after a serious accident, such as a car crash.
Same day: leg weakness that is getting worse.
Same day (urgent GP appointment or NHS 111): new difficulty lifting the front of your foot or toes (foot drop), or a foot that slaps down or catches as you walk, especially if it is getting worse. Weakness in both legs, or with numbness around the genitals or bottom or bladder or bowel changes, is the 999 emergency above.
Same day (GP or NHS 111): back pain and you feel hot, cold, shivery or generally unwell, or severe pain that starts suddenly or is getting worse quickly.
Same day: you have or have had cancer, and new back pain that is severe and doesn't let up, is getting steadily worse, is worse at night and disturbs your sleep, is worse when you cough, sneeze or strain, or comes with tenderness over the spine. Contact your cancer team or GP urgently. With cancer, new weakness, difficulty walking, numbness or bladder or bowel problems are an emergency.
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Leg pain with numbness around the genitals or bottom, new trouble starting or controlling peeing, not knowing when you need to poo or losing control of it, sciatica in both legs, or weakness or numbness in both legs that is severe or getting worse. These can be signs of cauda equina syndrome, which needs treating in hospital as soon as possible.
Same day: leg weakness that is getting worse; new leg pain with a history of cancer, HIV, TB or inflammatory arthritis; or leg pain with a fever, feeling unwell, loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss or night sweats.
If your sciatica hasn't improved after a few weeks of looking after it at home, is getting worse, or is stopping you doing your normal activities. In many areas you can refer yourself to NHS physiotherapy for back problems.
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Lower back pain, or pain in your thighs or bottom, that doesn't go away after 3 to 4 weeks, or pain, numbness and tingling down one leg for more than 3 or 4 weeks: see a GP.
You're finding it difficult to walk or stand up straight, or you're worried about the pain or struggling to cope: see a GP.
Other symptoms as well as the pain, such as a high temperature, sweating at night or losing weight without trying: see a GP.
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Back pain that is worse arching back and has lasted more than a couple of weeks can be a stress fracture of the spine (spondylolysis): get it checked.
Buttock or leg pain, heaviness or tingling that comes on when you stand or walk and only eases when you sit or bend forward, or the distance you can walk keeps shrinking: see a GP or physiotherapist (possible spinal stenosis). Leg weakness that is getting worse, or numbness around your genitals or bottom, is urgent (above).
Leg ache when you walk that goes after a few minutes' rest: possible peripheral arterial disease (narrowed leg arteries), especially if you smoke or have diabetes.
Sudden mid or lower back pain after a minor fall, lift, cough or sneeze, especially from 50 or with long-term steroid tablets.
Often worse moving or changing position and eased by lying down. It can be an osteoporotic spinal fracture, so see a GP; height loss or a new curve in the upper back are other signs.
Modify or avoid exercises that round your back deeply or repeatedly, especially with a weight: sit-ups, toe touches, Pilates roll-downs and curl-ups, and extreme yoga forward folds. Bend from the hips instead. You do not need to avoid bending, twisting or lifting altogether: move smoothly and keep your upper back straight.
Twisting should be safe if you do it smoothly and comfortably. Slow down and shorten fast or forceful twists, and leave out the added weight.
Stop or shrink any pose that sends pain, tingling or numbness further down your leg, or leaves your back worse the next morning (our suggestion, from the back pain rule).
A joint pain that is sharp, gets worse during a session, lingers into the next day or changes how you move is a reason to use an easier version, and to see a GP or physiotherapist if it keeps happening (the rule in our plans). Muscle soreness for a day or two after something new is normal. In a hot class, stop if you feel dizzy, sick or unwell; our hot yoga guide lists the signs of heat illness.
Call 999 if:
Call 999 or go to A&E (accident and emergency) straight away for severe difficulty breathing (gasping, choking or not able to get words out), a chest that feels tight or heavy, pain that spreads to your arms, back, neck and jaw, lips or skin turning very pale, blue or grey, or sudden confusion. If you're more short of breath than usual, or your heart is racing, fluttering or skipping beats, contact NHS 111.
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The NHS advises getting advice from a healthcare professional first if you have a health problem, an injury or symptoms, or have recently had a heart attack or an operation.
Exercise is the first treatment: trunk exercise helped adults with a slip, bending-forward and stabilisation programmes both helped older adults, and teenagers did better starting physiotherapy early than resting.
In a small trial, stabilisation exercise didn't change the slip, and no yoga study has measured one. Exercise is for pain, strength and confidence.
A slip was no more common in adults with back pain than without, and population studies found no strong or consistent link between a slip and back pain.
Over 45 years, slips slowed with each decade and none passed 40%. In older adults a slip got worse in about a third over 10 years, with no link to symptoms.
In the teenage trial, arching was brought back on purpose once bending both ways was pain-free. Adults whose legs object to arching may leave deep backbends out for good.
Sports that arch the lower back to its limit again and again carry the highest rates of stress fractures in the spine.
It can be, done with changes, but it hasn't been tested: we found no trial of yoga in spondylolisthesis. Exercise is the first treatment for a slip, and yoga can supply the trunk strength, hip work, balance and movement that exercise programmes use, as long as the deep backbends are left out or brought back slowly.
Usually yes, after a GP or physiotherapist has checked you if you have leg symptoms, have been told the slip is unstable or have a fresh stress fracture. Choose a gentle class, tell the teacher, and use the back pain rule: mild discomfort that settles by the next morning is fine, but anything that sends symptoms down a leg isn't.
We suggest leaving out deep backbends such as wheel, camel, bow, dancer, full cobra and upward-facing dog, and legs-overhead poses such as plough. That's our reading of the stress fracture rates in sports that arch the back and of a clinic's series of yoga injuries; no study has tested these poses in a slip. Keep twists small and smooth.
No pose is proven best. Start with poses that keep your spine still while your trunk works (bird dog, dead bug, a side plank from the knees, a bridge to a straight line), resting positions that bend forward (knees to chest, child's pose), and standing poses such as mountain, chair and warrior II.
Leave the full cobra out at first: the cobra's page on this site says to clear it with a clinician if you have spondylolisthesis or a pars stress injury. A sphinx or a low cobra can come back later, once bending forward and back is comfortable and doesn't bring on leg symptoms.
Usually, if it's comfortable, because it keeps the lower back fairly neutral. Bend your knees a lot so your back stays long, and skip it if it brings on leg symptoms or your wrists or shoulders complain. No study has tested it, so this is our suggestion.
No: exercise doesn't move a vertebra back, and in a small trial the slip didn't change with stabilisation exercise. But a slip often causes no pain at all, and exercise can ease the pain you have and help you move with confidence.
Neither has been tested in spondylolisthesis. For back pain in general, yoga does about as well as other back exercise, and no mind-body style has been shown better than another, so choose the one you'll keep doing and leave out the deep backbends in either.
Not as the treatment. In a 2026 trial, young athletes did best starting physiotherapy within a week, out of their sport, with arching brought back only once bending forwards and backwards was pain-free. Spine-still yoga moves can fit if their physiotherapist agrees; backbends wait.
There's no good evidence that it does in adults. Stress fractures of the spine are linked to sports that arch the back to its limit again and again, and a clinic's series of 89 yoga injuries included 15 people with a slip without showing that yoga caused them. Don't force deep backbends.
Anterolisthesis is the usual forward slip, the same thing as spondylolisthesis. Retrolisthesis is a small backward slip that usually comes with disc changes; the same gentle approach applies, and our yoga for degenerative disc disease guide covers it.
Call 999 or go to A&E for numbness around your genitals or bottom, new trouble peeing or controlling your bladder or bowels, changes in genital sensation during sex, or pain, tingling, weakness or numbness in both legs: these can be cauda equina syndrome. Get a same-day appointment for leg weakness that is getting worse or foot drop.
Exercise education, not a personal prescription, and clinical review of these guides is pending. If you are pregnant, have a health condition such as glaucoma, high blood pressure or osteoporosis, or have had recent surgery, check with a doctor, midwife or physiotherapist before starting, and stop for sharp or increasing pain. Health disclaimer.
